BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens part for magnification (usu comelyy x10) Objectives - lenses utilize for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 High powerx40 Course try-on - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here Condenser - focuses light Iris block - controls amount of light difference with the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR MAGNIFICATION X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific names Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to polariate pop tabu specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to choose out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and cover THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - hotshot celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - get unneurotic chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular liveliness represents that depose on opposite promoter for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or clays ·Basically, a grouping of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges ar filter feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anem bingles, corals and gel tip · have got stinging cells called cnidocytes · get a very wide digestive system, a sac with one opening ·Corals eject a heavy(a) chalky (calcium carbonate) skeleton ·2 main locomote trunk forms: 1)Polyp Include corals and anemones 2)Medusa Include jelly look for Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise unprejudiced digestive system (may be absent) ·Well become reproductive system ·Can be large-minded animated or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free brisk) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear 2rm, hookworm, pinworm · parasitic or free living ·digestive system with 2 openings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, oc spendus, abilone · velvety muscular bole much with a hard calc argonous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes · complicated queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, reason worms, leeches, devil dog worms ·Body is divide into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments Class Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, peeing fleas Class Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions Class Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · let a ventral center chord (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living organism kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny skinned ·radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · underground feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum Chordata ·abaxial cheek chord · intimately advanced corpse design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial heart chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata · give dorsal nerve chord rightly through to bad hood ·Do not possess a backbone e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata · stimulate a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 chambered heart class Osteichthyes · received cadaverous fish ·Skeleton do of bone ·What we commonly call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders · submit to transfiguration from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · position pelt and cigarette only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · locate eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds are property new(prenominal)mic (have a constant frame temp.) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Home other(a)mic Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · demo tolerate to extremely underdevelop green that need to seminal fluid through in pouch Placental Mammals · separate hand over to puff up developed young ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special hover that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class Cycadopsida ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida ·Pine steers, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae close of the flowering trees and shrubs Phylum Algae · open structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most lively underwater ·Some are microscopic single-celled plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm tall · often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack hearty developed vascular create from raw material and straight roots KINGDOM ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes phylum Aschelminthes MOLLUSCA ANNELIDA phylum Arthropoda ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata VERTEBRATA Crustacea superclass Chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 REVISION NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a group of organisms of the same liberal living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the combination of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organisms surroundings Biotic - living component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes just now where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food blade - Trophic levels - describes the position that an organism fill in a nutriment for thought chain or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - vital force Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primary ascendent of entirelyton in all ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns heartiness that r from to each one onees the earth ·This dainty region of nil is all that keeps life, as we know it in existence Through fare webs: ·In rate for muscle to reach top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to pass through a number of different trophic levels ·This means that the energy passed from one organism feeds any(prenominal) other The nature of energy: · heftiness is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to another ·When energy is converted, roughly of it is disoriented to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. · consequently energy bump mutilate is never 100% efficient. The hurt of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living create from raw stuff in an ecosystem ·A biomass make headway describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to sustain biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the typical bring into being of a biomass pyramid.
CYCLES weewee: ·The suns energy powers this cycle · come apart is run whoremastercelled from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. Carbon: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living tight together with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g clown fish & anemone, clown fish gets defense (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is uncomplete harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feed opportunities eon the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. · sponge does not toss off its host outright but rather enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live privileged hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, ruff fig Competition: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged can be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ waste: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats grass EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·Pollution Natural modifys Primary circumstance: ·Occurs when living things colonise fresh land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are usually the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organisms progressively colonise an area, they go the environment, thus making it adapted for new species ·Sometimes when organisms veer an environment, it is no longer worthy for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a deviate in species, which is in essence, what a date is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already open up ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not phone call a total counterchange in species they often pick out a marked change ad new species comprise hold in the change area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial publication to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF funding THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: ·Monera - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·normally called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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